Telecommunication Service

VOIP Technology in Call Centers

2012-01-11T00:46:00.000-08:00

To those who may be less familiar, call center technology consists of automated phone systems capable of answering incoming phone calls and performing outbound autodialing. A call center is a group of telephone agents who receive incoming calls and/or make outgoing calls. Many call centers are completely automated, processing incoming and outgoing calls without any manual operations. Software applications usually associated with calls centers are CRM (Customer Relationship Management) programs.

Voice over Internet Protocol (VOIP) is a call center technology that allows call center to make and receive calls using the Internet instead of traditional phone lines. As a matter of fact, today, many call centers deploy VOIP technology in a bid to reduce costs and improve operational efficiency as also employ remote call center agents. Businesses worldwide have built VOIP into their call centers, because of the scalability, and VOIP enables call centers to adapt and grow along with business and technology needs.

Voice over Internet Protocol (VOIP) technology has come to stay. It has made steady progress in replacing traditional telephone lines in most businesses and even in homes. It is the technology of the future as more and more people are enamored of the features of VOIP technology and the concomitant benefits. For many businesses, reduced cost is perhaps the most compelling reason to adopt VOIP in the call centers. VOIP allows organizations to set up core operations in their main office, while operating call centers at many locations across the globe.

Ordinarily, a VOIP call center is a virtual communication warehouse for marketing, and to a lesser extent, customer relationship management (CRM) functions. Using software on your call center's workstations along with a broadband Internet connection can result in significant savings on operational costs. The telephone communications through the Internet allows the VOIP call center staff to initiate and respond to any number of simultaneous telemarketing calls, phone orders, and customer inquiries. Essentially, a VOIP call center centralizes telemarketing, ordering and customer service functions for various manufacturing and service companies.

There are two different choices – one is to make your current equipment -enabled. The other is to build up a new system through a separate gateway. But there are greater gains in having VOIP technology native to your existing call center system. You can use your current equipment by adding a VOIP interface board or similar bridging device to your current system configuration. There are many manufacturers who offer these products.

While exercising this option, buy a product that is certified and capable of easy integration with your existing equipments. Please remember the vendor's commitment to developing VOIP solutions for you is important. If you find it difficult, hire a professional consultant, who has already handled multiple VOIP call center deployments, to guide you through your project.

Since all telephone functions of are computerized, and since the Internet is by far more capable of handling multiple phone transmissions than a Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN), a call center need not be unduly bothered about overburdened telephone lines. This is a huge advantage. A number of opportunities are presented once you have your call center on the VOIP technology.

Phone System

2012-01-02T00:35:00.000-08:00

A phone system is an indispensable tool for any company or office, and today the alternatives are increasing in number. Back then, phone system extensions are connected to a single PBX system that is maintained and kept by a technical team. More companies, especially small businesses, are shifting to virtual phone systems while a lot of offices still rely on this traditional phone system. The name virtual implies that it is not reliant on wires and other type of physical connections. Instead, it is hosted by a service provider through the Internet.

Call forwarding. This is the feature that sends calls to different phone numbers, based on settings chosen by the user.|Based on settings chosen by the user, this is the feature that sends calls to different phone numbers.} Wherever they are and whenever they want to answer calls, it allows businesses to effectively attend to calls.
Call screening. Call screening may be restricted to displaying the caller ID of the incoming caller with traditional phone systems. On the other hand, a virtual phone system provides more capabilities, especially through PC applications that allow users to screen callers better. Some service providers even allow users to have the auto attendant ask the caller for their name.
Fax. Internet fax and traditional fax have a lot of differences. Your fax machine may or may not be connected to your network of extensions if you have a traditional phone system. However, with a virtual phone system, faxing is usually part of the whole package allowing users to send and receive documents through the Internet.
Extensions. A traditional phone system allows users to add and remove extensions allocated to employees in an office. This offers a sure way for the whole team to easily work together. With virtual phone systems, extensions are also virtual. You just allocate a virtual number to each existing extension. The call will simply be forwarded to any or all of their existing phones without the need for changing their old extension numbers this way.
Dial by name directory. This is a feature that allows callers to easily navigate through your phone system. Perfect for huge companies that have a large team and different departments, it offers callers a list of extension numbers and names of persons and departments. It makes communications easier and more intelligent.

Over 2 Billion People to Own a Smartphone by 2015

2011-05-17T23:37:00.000-07:00

Over 2 billion people worldwide will own at least one smartphone in 2015, with unit sales rising over 175% from 2010, says Parks Associates.

Hardware and software innovations, such as dual-facing camera-supported video chat and app-enabled satisfied consumption, will continue to drive this market through the down economy. The firm's smartphone market report says smartphone shipments jumped 70% in 2010, with about 500 million users.

"Smartphones stand for a new lifestyle," said Harry Wang, Director, Mobile Research, Parks Associates. "Consumer desire for that lifestyle has accelerated the conventional mobile phone replacement cycle and will drive near-term hypergrowth of the smartphone market."

The most successful manufacturers, including HTC, Samsung, and Apple, were also the most inventive. Companies slow to innovate, including Nokia and RIM, have suffered past it market share. According to the report, RIM's smartphone market share declined from 19.8% in 2009 to 16.5% in 2010, while Apple's share of the smartphone market grew from 13.9% to 15.8%.

The market for non-device revenues is changing as well. "Carriers risk ceding revenue streams to emerging competitors in the mobile broadband satisfied and application market," said Jennifer Kent, Research Analyst, Parks Associates.

"However, market fragmentation may drive sufficient developers to Wholesale Applications Community (WAC), a carrier-initiated, cross-platform mobile app distribution effort, to keep carriers in the game."

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Is Apple Changing How it Ranks Apps?

2011-05-15T23:45:00.000-07:00

Looks like Apple (NSDQ: AAPL) might be putting a more complicated—and potentially more helpful—spin on how it ranks the most popular apps in its ginormous App Store, which at present features an almost inconceivable 350,000+ apps in its catalog. But the news comes amidst allegations that Apple is at the same time creation it harder for pay-per-install apps to make their way into the store.

According to some observations from the mobile app analytics firm Flurry, in the last three days, the rankings for several popular apps have been jumping: for example, Facebook has jumped to the number-one ranking, having before placed between 10th place and 20th place.

One good guess from InsideMobileApps is that Apple has in progress to factor in active usage into its rankings, rather than basing those rankings on downloads alone, which is alike to how Google (NSDQ: GOOG) ranks apps in the Android Market.

This makes sense, chiefly in a market that has been around for long enough now to have an recognized base of consumers who have absolutely taken their foot off the download gas, but might still be heavy app users.

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CobraTag finds lost keys with the help of your phone

2011-04-29T03:10:00.000-07:00

What are the two things we lose the most? Besides the remote, I’d say it’s our keys and our cell phones. Luckily, if you have one of those items around, you can use it to find the other, thanks to the CobraTag.

The key to the CobraTag is that there are two parts. The first is a CobraTag sensor, which is a small dongle that can be attached to your keychain, purse, laptop bag, or any other expensive item you may easily loose track of. Then, we have the CobraTag app, which works with Android, BlackBerry, or iPhone devices, and works via a Bluetooth connection.

The app, called the Phone Halo, can ring an alarm when the tag goes out of the Bluetooth range. The app can also tell you the place of your lost item, so you can know if you left your purse at a bar like one Apple employee once did with an unreleased iPhone. Phone Halo will send you an email or text message with the GPS coordinates of your lost item if this happens.

The tag and phone can also be used to find each other if they’re in range. If you press the button on the dongle, it will sound an alarm on your phone, and vice versa.

My friends and family know that I can’t walk out the door without thoughts I’ve lost my cell phone. I’m constantly fumbling through my giant bag and searching for my reliable smart phone. Gone are the days when cell phones were as big as bricks, and though that’s above all a very good thing, it can also be a pain when you can’t find it. It’s especially maddening if you’re alone at home and don’t have a landline to call your lost phone, leaving the only alternative of hopping on G-chat to ask one of your friends to call you.

For only $60, the CobraTag can give you a little bit of peace of mind. Just make sure you don’t lose both your keys and your phone at the same time, or you’ll be out of luck.

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3G mobile phones

2011-04-19T00:17:00.000-07:00

3G or 3rd generation mobile telecommunications, is a making of standards for mobile phones and mobile telecommunications services satisfying the International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 (IMT — 2000) stipulation by the International Telecommunication Union. Application services include wide-area wireless voice telephone, mobile Internet access, video calls and mobile TV, all in a mobile situation. To meet the IMT-2000 standards, a system is necessary to provide peak data rates of at least 200 kbit/s. Recent 3G releases, often denoted 3.5G and 3.75G, also provide mobile broadband access of numerous Mbit/s to smartphones and mobile modems in laptop computers.

Detailed breakdown of 3G systems

The 3G (UMTS and CDMA2000) research and development projects started in 1992. In 1999, ITU accepted five radio interfaces for IMT-2000 as a part of the ITU-R M.1457 Recommendation; WiMAX was added in 2007.

There are evolutionary standards (EDGE and CDMA) that are backwards-compatible extensions to pre-existing 2G networks as well as radical standards that need all-new network hardware and frequency allocations. The cell phones used utilise UMTS in mixture with 2G GSM standards and bandwidths, but do not support EDGE. The latter group is the UMTS family, which consists of standards urbanized for IMT-2000, as well as the independently urbanized standards DECT and WiMAX, which were incorporated because they fit the IMT-2000 definition.

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Two-way radio

2011-04-14T00:40:00.000-07:00

A two-way radio is a radio that can both send out and receive (a transceiver), different a broadcast receiver which only receives content.

Two-way radios are obtainable in mobile, stationary base and hand-held portable configurations. Hand-held radios are frequently called walkie-talkies or handie-talkies. A push-to-talk or Press To Transmit button is frequently present to turn on the transmitter.

A mobile phone or cellular telephone is an instance of a two-way radio that both transmits and receives at the same time (or full-duplex). It uses two different radio frequencies to carry the two directions of the discussion simultaneously.

Types

There is an collection of two-way radio technologies, systems, and types. There are families of radio types and each family has conflicting sub-groups and specific radio models. Some of these types are scheduled below.

Conventional versus trunked,
Trunked,
Simplex versus duplex channels

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5 reasons for consider a VOIP service

2010-09-29T04:58:00.000-07:00

VOIP is the acronym for Voice over Internet Protocol and its function, simply stated, is the use of Internet for both outbound and incoming phone calls instead of the regular or analog phone line. Some VoIP services are limited to you calling only those using the same service, but most other providers allow you to call anyone who has a telephone number – be it local, long distance, mobile, or international number.

The bandwidth that has become increasingly available in recent times has prompted many businesses to abandon the traditional telephone provider and prefer one that transmits their voice communication over their existing network infrastructure. Those already paying for the high-speed Internet connection will find it both easy and cost-effective making the switch to VoIP. Further VoIP service provides facilities such as voicemail, call waiting, transferring between extensions etc.

You have to live with times and when a customer calls at your office, you can ill-afford to look unprofessional. VoIP system will reflect the professional image your business deserves. There are a lot of reasons why customers are choosing VoIP in their offices as well as homes. From amongst the many reasons, one can identify five compelling ones.

It is a common knowledge that Internet is becoming increasingly hi-tech through broadband connections, thus making VoIP more reliable and with better voice quality. Users will no longer complain about dropped calls, inaudible calls and other similar malfunction. Most VoIP phone systems have an easy upgrade process where you can expand the capacity and the number of users with a couple of clicks of the mouse. This advantage enables you to pay only for capacity you need.
It is to be noted that VOIP enables Unified Messaging, integrating email, voice mail, IM, and Outlook integration. VOIP provider packages invariably allow unlimited outward and inward calls including international calls. For people who frequently make overseas calls, VOIP can mean terrible cost savings.
Some VOIP services are computer based and lets one speak using a microphone connected to a computer. Thus a computer based VOIP system is also capable of transmitting video enabling the user to see the person while talking. VOIP systems that do not use a computer have a digital VOIP phone or a VOIP adapter for use in tandem with a regular telephone.
VoIP is portable in the sense your phones will behave identically whether it is in your office, home, or anywhere else where there is a high-speed Internet connection. With traditional phone service, the number is tied to a single physical location and moving to another location means getting a new number. However, with VoIP the user merely plugs in the phone wherever he is and the same number is still applicable.
Needless to say, using VoIP is much cheaper – for one reason, there is a lot of competition among VoIP carriers each trying to beat the other down with price. Further, VoIP utilizes the existing Internet connection, which means there is no necessity to pay for access and usage fees on two separate sets of wires. It is even reported that most VoIP service providers offer a fixed fee for use on a monthly basis and this fee is a lot lower than a regular phone service.

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Internet Protocol

2010-09-16T11:20:00.000-07:00

The Internet Protocol (IP) is a protocol used for communicating data across a packet-switched internetwork using the Internet Protocol Suite, also referred to as TCP/IP.

IP is the primary protocol in the Internet Layer of the Internet Protocol Suite and has the task of delivering the distinguished protocol datagrams (packets) from the source host to the destination host solely based on their addresses. For this purpose the Internet Protocol defines the addressing methods and structures for the datagram encapsulation. The first major version of the addressing structure, now referred to as Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4) is still the dominant protocol of the Internet, although the successor, Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) is being deployed actively worldwide.

Services provided by IP

The Internet Protocol is responsible for addressing hosts and routing the datagrams (packets) from a source host to the destination host across one or more IP networks. For this purpose the Internet Protocol defines an addressing system that has two functions. Addresses identify hosts and provide a logical location service. Each packet is tagged with a header that contains the meta-data for the purpose of delivery. This process of tagging is also called encapsulation.

IP is a connectionless protocol and does not need circuit setup prior to transmission.

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Multichannel Multipoint Distribution Service

2010-09-09T19:45:00.000-07:00

Business Radio Service (BRS) formerly known as the Multichannel Multipoint Distribution Service (MMDS), also known as Wireless Cable, is a wireless telecommunications technology, used for general-purpose broadband networking or, more commonly, as an alternative method of the cable television programming reception. MMDS is used in The United States, Canada, Mexico, Dominican Republic, Iceland, Ireland, Russia, Slovenia, Brazil, Barbados, Australia, Nigeria, Pakistan, Panama, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Uruguay, India, Belarus, Lebanon and Cambodia. It is most commonly used in sparsely populated rural areas, where laying cables is not economically viable, although some companies may also offer MMDS services in urban areas.

The BRS band uses microwave frequencies from 2 GHz to 3 GHz in range. Reception of BRS-delivered television signals is done with a special rooftop microwave antenna and a set-top box for the television receiving the signals. The antenna usually has an integrated down-converter to transmit the signals at the frequencies compatible with terrestrial TV tuners down on the coax (much like on satellite dishes where the signals are converted down to frequencies more compatible with standard TV coaxial cabling), some larger antennas use an external down-converter. The receiver box is very similar in appearance to an analogue cable television receiver box.

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Camera phone

2010-09-03T05:45:00.000-07:00

A camera phone is a mobile phone which is able to capture either the still photographs or video. Since early in the 21st century the majority of the cameras and of mobile phones in use are camera phones. Most camera phones are simpler than separate digital cameras. Their usual fixed focus lenses and smaller sensors limit their performance in poor lighting, and most have a long shutter lag and no flash. Many lack a USB connection, removable memory card, or other way of transferring their pictures more quickly than by the phone's inherent communication feature. Some of the more expensive camera phones have only a few of these technical disadvantages, which in any case have not inhibited their widespread use.

History

The camera phone, like many complex systems, is the result of converging and enabling technologies. There are dozens of relevant patents dating back as far as 1956.[citation needed] Compared to the digital cameras of the 1990s, a consumer-viable camera in a mobile phone would require far less power and a higher level of camera electronics integration to permit the miniaturization. The CMOS active pixel image sensor "camera-on-a-chip" developed by Dr. Eric Fossum and his team[citation needed]in the early 1990s achieved the first step of realizing the modern camera phone as described in a March 1995 Business Week article.[citation needed] While the first camera phones, as successfully marketed by the J-Phone in Japan,[citation needed] used CCD sensors and not CMOS sensors, more than 90% of camera phones sold today use CMOS image sensor technology

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Home server

2010-09-02T09:00:00.000-07:00

A home server is a server located in a private residence providing the services to other devices inside and/or outside the household through a home network and/or the internet. Such services may include file and/or printer serving, media center serving, web serving, web caching, account authentication and backup services. Because of the relatively low number of the computers on a typical home network, a home server commonly does not require significant computing power. Often, users reuse older systems, and home servers with specifications as low as 1 GHz CPU and 256 MB of RAM can be used. Large, preferably fast hard drives (ATA-100 or Serial ATA) and a network interface card are usually all the hardware required for home file serving. An uninterruptible power supply is recommended in case of power outages that can possibly corrupt data.

Operating systems

Home servers run many different operating systems. Enthusiasts who build their own home servers can use whatever OS is conveniently available or familiar to them, such as Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X, Linux, Solaris or BSD. Pre-built home servers are usually supplied with Windows Home Server installed.

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BlackBerry

2010-08-18T10:18:00.000-07:00

BlackBerry is a line of mobile e-mail and smartphone devices developed and designed by Canadian company Research In Motion (RIM) since 1996.

BlackBerry functions as a Personal Digital Assistant with the address book, calendar and to-do list capabilities. It also functions as a portable media player with the support for music and video playback and camera picture and video capabilities. BlackBerry is primarily known for its ability to send and receive (push) Internet e-mail wherever mobile network service coverage is present, or through Wi-Fi connectivity. BlackBerry is mainly a messaging phone with the largest array of messaging features in a Smartphone today. This includes auto-text, auto-correct, text prediction, support for many languages, keyboard shortcuts, text emoticons, push email, push Facebook and Myspace notifications, push Ebay notifications, push instant messaging with BlackBerry Messenger, Google Messenger, ICQ, Windows Live messenger and Yahoo Messenger; threaded text messaging and a customizable indicator light near the top right of all Blackberry devices. All notifications and conversations from applications are shown in a unified messaging application which third party applications can access also. Many of these applications would have to be running in the background of other phones to be used. BlackBerry's push gives BlackBerry devices their renowned battery life. All data on the phone is compressed through BIS. BlackBerry has about two thirds less data transfer than any other smartphone, while supplying the same information.

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Push-to-talk

2010-08-10T14:45:00.000-07:00

Push-to-talk (PTT), also known as the Press-to-Transmit, is a method of conversing on the half-duplex communication lines, including the two-way radio, using a momentary button to switch from voice reception mode to transmit the mode. Push to Talk over Cellular (PoC) is a service option for a cellular phone network which permits subscribers to use their phone as a walkie-talkie with unlimited range. A typical Push to Talk connection connects almost instantly. One significant advantage of the PoC is that it allows a single person to reach an active talk group with a single button press; users no longer need to make several calls to coordinate with a group.

Full-duplex operation on mobile phone networks is made possible by separate frequencies for the transmission and reception. Mobile Push-to-Talk service, offered by some mobile carriers, adds functionality for the individual half-duplex transmissions to be sent to another party on the system without needing an existing connection. Since the system is half-duplex, only one user can transmit by PTT at a time; the other party is unable to transmit until the transmitting user unkeys their PTT button. Currently, PTT service is supported only between the parties on the same mobile carrier service, and users with different carriers will be unable to transmit to each other by PTT.

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Submarine communications cable

2010-08-03T10:14:00.000-07:00

A submarine communications cable is a cable that laid beneath the sea to carry the telecommunications between the countries

The first submarine communications cables are carried with telegraphy traffic. Subsequent generations of the cables carried first the telephony traffic, then data communications traffic. All modern cables are used with optical fiber technology to carry digital payloads, which are then used to carry the telephone traffic as well as Internet and private data traffic. They are typically 69 millimetres (2.7 in) in diameter and weigh around the 10 kilograms per metre (7 lb/ft), although thinner and the lighter cables are used for the deep-water sections

Importance of the submarine cables

As of 2006, overseas satellite links accounted and carried only 1 percent of the international traffic, while the remainder was carried by the undersea cable. The reliability of the submarine cables is high, especially when (as noted above), multiple paths are been available in the event of a cable break. Also, the total carrying capacity of the submarine cables is in the terabits per second while the satellites typically offer only megabits per second and they display higher Latency (engineering). However, a typical multi-terabit, transoceanic submarine cable system costs a several hundred million dollars to construct.

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Cellular network

2010-07-22T18:17:00.000-07:00

A cellular network is a radio network that are distributed over land areas called cells, each served by at least one fixed-location with transceiver known as a cell site or base station. When joined together these cells provide radio coverage over a wide or geographic area.

This enables a large number of the portable transceivers (e.g., mobile phones, pagers, etc.) to communicate with each other and with fixed transceivers and the telephones anywhere in the network, via base stations, even if some of the transceivers are moving through more than one cell during the transmission.

Cellular networks offer a number of advantages over alternative solutions:

* increased capacity
* reduced power use
* larger coverage area
* reduced interference from other signals

An example of a simple non-telephone cellular system is an old taxi driver's radio system where the taxi company has a several transmitters based around the city that can communicate directly with each taxi.

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Videophone

2010-07-21T12:39:00.000-07:00

A videophone is a telephone with a video screen, and is capable of the full duplex (bi-directional) audio transmissions for the communication between people in real-time. It was the first form of the videotelephony, later to be followed by videoconferencing, webcams, and finally telepresence.

At the dawn of the technology, videotelephony also included with image phones which would exchange still images between units every few seconds over a conventional POTS-type telephone lines, essentially the same as with slow scan TV systems.

Currently videophones are particularly useful to the deaf and the speech-impaired who can use them with sign language, and also with video relay services to communicate with hearing persons. Videophones are also very useful to those with mobility issues or those who are located in the distant places and are in need of telemedical or tele-educational services.

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Cypress Communications

2010-07-19T12:21:00.000-07:00

Cypress Communications is a United States telecommunications firm with a Competitive Local Exchange Carrier (CLEC). Cypress Communicaitons provides hosted voice, data VoIP and the unified communications to small and medium-sized businesses and enterprises across the United States. The company was built via organic customer growth and the corporate acquisitions. Companies enfolded into the present-day Cypress Communications include Reignmaker, Shared Technologies, Intermedia Communications, RealCom, Fairchild Communications and Worldcom/Advanced Building with Networks.

Unified communications (UC) refers to a trend in the business to simplify and integrate all forms of communications and business the processes. It is typically a software program and infrastructure with improvement. The communications leveraged by this term can include phone, e-mail, chat, voicemail, presence services, and the fax. Unified communications integrates these communication mediums so that any activity or message can be easily transferred to the another, otherwise known as a seamless user experience. Gains in the efficiency and can result through an optimization of business processes and enhancing human communications, reducing latency, managing flows, and then eliminating device and media dependencies.

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Residential gateway

2010-07-15T11:04:00.000-07:00

A residential gateway is a home networking device, which used as a gateway to connect the devices in the home to the Internet or other WAN.

It is an umbrella term, used to cover the multi-function networking computer with appliances used in homes, which may combine a DSL modem or cable modem, a network switch, providing LAN switching, a consumer-grade router, and a wireless access point. In the past, such functions were provided with separate devices, but by the technological convergence, they have often merged into a single device.

There are multiple devices that have been described as the "residential gateways" each with a different function. Each type of device allows the connection of a LAN (used in the home) to a WAN. The WAN can often be the Internet or can be merely be a larger LAN of which the home is a part (such as a municipal WAN that provides connectivity to the residences within the municipality).

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Mobile Radio Telephone

2010-07-14T10:07:00.000-07:00

These early mobile telephone systems can be distinguished from the earlier closed radiotelephone systems in that they were available as a commercial service that was part of the public switched to telephone network, with their own telephone numbers, rather than the part of a closed network such as a police radio or taxi dispatch system.

These mobile telephones were usually mounted in the cars or trucks, though briefcase models were also made. Typically, the transceiver (transmitter-receiver) was mounted in the vehicle trunk and are attached to the "head" (dial, display, and handset) mounted near the driver seat.

They were sold through WCCs (Wireline Common Carriers, AKA telephone companies), RCCs (Radio Common Carriers), and two-way radio dealers.

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Smart phones

2010-07-12T10:23:00.000-07:00

A smartphone is a mobile phone that offers more advanced computing ability and connectivity than a contemporary basic 'feature phone'. Smartphones and feature phones may be thought of as handheld computers integrated within a mobile telephone, but while most feature phones are able to run applications based on the platforms such as Java ME or BREW, a smartphone allows the user to install and run more advanced applications based on a specific platform. Smartphones run complete operating system software providing a platform for application developers. A smartphone may be thought of as a handheld computer and integrated within a mobile telephone.

Growth in demand for advanced mobile devices boasting the powerful processors, abundant memory, larger screens and open operating systems has outpaced the rest of the mobile phone market for several years. According to a study by ComScore, in 2010 over 45.5 million people in the United States owned smartphones and it is the fastest growing segment of the mobile phone market, which comprised 234 million subscribers in the United States

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Bluetooth

2010-07-09T13:31:00.000-07:00

Bluetooth is an open wireless technology standard for exchanging the data over short distances (using short length radio waves) from fixed and mobile devices, creating personal area networks (PANs) with the high levels of security. Created by telecoms vendor Ericsson in 1994,it was originally conceived as a wireless alternative and to RS-232 data cables. It can connect several devices, overcoming the problems of synchronization. Today Bluetooth is managed by the Bluetooth Special Interest Group.

Uses

Bluetooth is a standard communications protocol primarily designed for the low power consumption, with a short range (power-class-dependent: 100 m, 10 m and 1 m, but ranges vary in practice; see table below) based on low-cost transceiver microchips in each device.Because the devices are used as a radio (broadcast) communications system, they do not have to be in line of sight of each other.

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Multiplexer

2010-07-07T16:44:00.000-07:00

In electronics, a multiplexer or mux (occasionally the terms muldex or muldem are also found for a combination multiplexer-demultiplexer) is a device that performs the multiplexing, it selects one of many analog or digital input signals and forwards the selected input into a single line. A multiplexer of the 2n inputs has n select lines, which are used to select which input line to send to the output.

An electronic multiplexer makes it possible for several signals to share one device or the resource, for example one A/D converter or one communication line, instead of having one device per input signal.

On the other end, a demultiplexer (or demux) is a device taking a single input signal and selecting one of many data-output-lines, which is connected to the single input. A multiplexer is often used with a complementary demultiplexer on the receiving type end.

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Cordless telephone

2010-07-01T09:28:00.000-07:00

A cordless telephone or portable telephone is a telephone with a wireless handset that communicates with radio waves and with a base station connected to a fixed telephone line, usually within a limited range of its base station (which has the handset cradle). The base station is on the subscriber premises, and are attached to the telephone network the same way a corded telephone does.

The base station on subscriber premises is what differentiates a cordless telephone from a mobile telephone. Current cordless telephone standards, such as PHS and DECT, have blurred the once clear-cut line between cordless and the mobile telephones by implementing cell handover, various advanced features, such as data-transfer and even, on a limited scale, international roaming. In these models, base stations are now maintained by a commercial mobile network operator and users subscribe to the service.

Unlike a corded telephone, a cordless telephone needs mains electricity to power the base station. The cordless handset is powered by a rechargeable battery, which is charged when the handset sits in its cradle.

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Communications Satellite

2010-06-29T08:31:00.000-07:00

A communications satellite (sometimes abbreviated to COMSAT) is an artificial satellite stationed in space for the purpose of the telecommunications. Modern communications satellites used as a variety of orbits including geostationary orbits, Molniya orbits, other elliptical orbits and low (polar and non-polar) Earth orbits.

For fixed (point-to-point) services, communications satellites provides a microwave radio relay technology complementary to that of the submarine communication cables. They are also used for mobile applications such as the communications to ships, vehicles, planes and hand-held terminals, and for TV and radio broadcasting, for which the application of other technologies, such as cable, is impractical or impossible

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Vinasat-1

2010-06-28T10:30:00.000-07:00

Vinasat-1 is the first Vietnamese satellite to be placed in the orbit. It was launched at 22:17 GMT on 18 April 2008, by an Ariane 5ECA rocket from the Guiana Space Centre in Kourou. The launch was conducted by the European organisation in Arianespace. VINASAT is the national satellite program of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. The project aims to bring the independence in satellite communications for Vietnam, besides other benefits such as enhancing national security, opening new economic opportunities, etc.

Vietnam hopes for some of the economic benefits from the telecommunications links that the satellite will provide. It is expected that the satellite will save wth several million dollars per year in fees presently paid for leasing of transponders on satellites from other countries.

The satellite has 12 Ku band transponders and 8 C band transponders.

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Virtual Network Operator

2010-06-25T10:20:00.001-07:00

A Virtual Network Operator (VNO) is a provider of the management services and a reseller of network services from other telecommunications suppliers that does not own the telecommunication infrastructure. These network providers are now categorized as virtual because they provide network services to customers without owning the underlying network. A VNO typically leases bandwidth at the wholesale rates from various telecom providers in a order to provide solutions to their customers. The VNO concept is relatively new in the North American market when compared to the European and the Asian markets.

Fully virtual VNO does not have any technical facilities or with technical support, instead they rely on support delivered by infrastructure providers. VNO concept has received a lot of traction in the wireless industry as cost of the infrastructure is substantial. Recently pressure on margins caused many wireline operators which consider going with VNO model and cut capital expenditures as well as staffing requirements to maintain and upgrade the infrastructure

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Softswitch

2010-06-24T08:18:00.000-07:00

A softswitch is a central device in a telecommunications network which connects with telephone calls from one phone line to another, entirely by means of software running on a computer system. This work was been formerly carried out by hardware, with physical switchboards to route the calls.

A softswitch is typically used to control the connections at the junction point between circuit and packet networks. A single device may contain both the switching logic and the switching fabric can be used for this purpose; however, modern technology has led to a preference for decomposing this device into a Call Agent and a Media Gateway.

The Call Agent takes care of the functions including billing, call routing, signalling, call services and so on and is the 'brains' of the outfit. A Call Agent may control several types of Media Gateways in geographically dispersed areas over a TCP/IP link.

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Service Providers

2010-06-23T08:59:00.000-07:00

A service provider is an entity that provides various services to other entities. Usually this refers to a business that provides subscription or web service to other businesses or individuals.

Examples of these service provider includes Internet access, Mobile phone operator, and web application hosting. The term is more often applied to the communication services than to other kinds of service industry.

Types of service providers

* Application service provider (ASP)
* Network service provider (NSP)
* Internet service provider (ISP)
* Managed service provider (MSP)
* Master managed service provider (MMSP)
* Managed Internet service provider (MISP)
* Telecommunications service provider (TSP)

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Radio Regulations

2010-06-22T09:01:00.000-07:00

The Radio Regulations is an intergovernmental treaty text of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), to Geneva-based specialised agency of the United Nations which coordinates and standardises the required operation of telecommunication networks and services and advances the development of communications technology.

Covering both the legal and technical issues, it serves as a supranational instrument for the optimal international management of the radio spectrum.

The Radio Regulations define:

* the allocation of different frequency bands with different radio services;
* the mandatory technical parameters are being observed by radio stations, especially transmitters;

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Unified messaging

2010-06-21T10:12:00.000-07:00

Unified Messaging (or UM) is the integration of different electronic messaging and communications media technologies into a single interface, accessible from a variety of different devices. While traditional communications systems delivered messages into several different types of stores such as voicemail systems, e-mail servers, and stand-alone fax machines, with Unified Messaging all types of messages are stored in one system. Voicemail messages, for example, can be delivered directly into the user's inbox and played either through a headset or the computer's speaker. This simplifies the user's experience and can offer new options for workflow such as appending notes or documents to forwarded voicemails.

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Mobile television

2010-06-17T08:41:00.000-07:00

Mobile television which usually means television watched on a small handheld device. It may be a pay TV service broadcast on mobile phone networks or received free-to-air via terrestrial television stations from either regular broadcast or a special mobile TV transmission format. Some mobile televisions can also download television shows directly from the internet, including recorded TV programs and podcasts which are downloaded and stored on the mobile device for later viewing.

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Wavelength-division multiplexing

2010-06-16T09:23:00.000-07:00

In fiber-optic communications, wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) is a technology which multiplexes multiple optical carrier signals on a single optical fiber by using different wavelengths of laser light to carry different types of signals. This allows for a multiplication in capacity, in addition to enabling bidirectional communications over one strand of fiber. This is a form of frequency division multiplexing (FDM) but it is commonly called wavelength division multiplexing.

The term wavelength-division multiplexing is commonly applied to all optical carrier (which is typically described by its wavelength), whereas frequency-division multiplexing typically applies to a radio carrier (which is more often described by frequency).

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Carrier system

2010-06-15T09:13:00.000-07:00

In telecommunication, a carrier system is a multichannel in telecommunications system in which a number of individual channels are multiplexed for transmission. The transmission occurs between nodes of a network.

In carrier systems, many a different forms of multiplexing may be used, such as time-division multiplexing and frequency-division multiplexing.

Multiple layers of multiplexing may ultimately be performed upon a given input signal; i.e., the output resulting from one stage of modulation may in turn be modulated.

At a given node, specified channels, groups, supergroups, etc. may be demultiplexed by add-drop multiplexers without demultiplexing the others

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Cable Internet access

2010-06-14T08:21:00.000-07:00

In telecommunications, cable Internet access is a form of the broadband Internet access that uses the cable television (CATV) infrastructure. Like digital subscriber lines and Fibers are used for premises, cable Internet access provides network edge connectivity (Last mile access) from the Internet service provider to the end user. It is integrated into the cable television infrastructure analogously to DSL which uses the existing telephone network. CATV networks and telecommunications networks are the two predominant forms of residential Internet access. Recently, both have seen increased competition from fiber deployments, wireless, and mobile networks.

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Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network

2010-06-10T21:29:00.000-07:00

In the 1980s the telecommunications industry that has expected that the digital services would follow much in the same pattern as voice services did on the public switched telephone network, and conceived a grandiose end-to-end circuit switched services, known as Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network (B-ISDN). This was designed in the 1990s as a logical extension of the end-to-end circuit switched data service, Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN).

Before B-ISDN, the original ISDN attempted in to substitute the analog telephone system with a digital ISDN system which was appropriate for both voice and the non voice traffic.

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Development communication

2010-06-10T08:34:00.000-07:00

Development Communication, has been alternatively defined in as a type of marketing and public opinion research that is used specifically to develop effective communication or as the use of communication to promote social development. Defined in as the former, it often includes computerized linguistics analysis of verbatim responses to qualitative survey interviews and may, at times also involved consumer psychological "right brain" (emotional) research techniques. Defined at the latter, it refers to the practice of some systematically applying the processes, strategies, and principles of communication to bring about positive social change. As most providers as "communication development" research use proprietary approaches that cannot be elaborated upon without revealing proprietary trade secrets, the remainder of this article describes the latter definition.

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Bandwidth management

2010-06-09T08:11:00.000-07:00

Bandwidth management is the process of measuring and controlling the communications (traffic, packets) on a network link, to avoid with filling the link to capacity or overfilling the link, which would result in network congestion and poor performance.

Link performance

TCP determines the capacity of a connection by flooding it in until packets started and being dropped (Slow-start)
Queueing in routers results in higher latency and jitter as the network approaches capacity
TCP global synchronization when the network reaches capacity results in waste of bandwidth
Burstiness of web traffic requires spare bandwidth to rapidly accommodate the bursty traffic
Lack of widespread support for explicit congestion notification and Quality of Service management on the Internet
Internet Service Providers typically retain control over queue management and quality of service at their end of the link
Window Shaping allows higher end products to reduce traffic flows, which reduce queue depth and allow more users to share more bandwidth fairly

Tools and techniques

Packet sniffers
Network traffic measurement

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Network segment

2010-06-08T08:20:00.000-07:00

A network segment is a portion of the computer network where in every device it communicates using the same physical layer. Devices that extend the physical layer, such as repeaters or network hubs, are also considered to extend these segments. However, devices that operate at the data link layer level or higher create new physical layers and thus create rather than extend segments.

Ethernet

In the context of Ethernet networking, the network segment is also as the collision domain. This comprises the group of devices that are being connected to the same bus, and that can make CSMA/CD collisions with each other, and sniff their packets in promiscuous mode. It also includes devices connected to the same hub, which also can have collisions with each other.

Other uses of the term 'network segment'

The term network segment is also sometimes used to refer to the portion of a computer network in which computers can access each other using a data link layer protocol. In this case, it is synonymous with broadcast domain.
Occasionally, the term refers to a subnetwork.
It is also applied to a language space within the Internet, such as Runet or Kaznet.

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Telecommunications control software

2010-06-07T07:59:00.000-07:00

With telecommunications being an increasingly important field in today’s business environment, the use of extensive telecommunications with control software is an important aspect of any telecommunications network.

Telecommunications control software is one of the five basic categories of the network components that must be in place to successfully support telecommunication activities. The other five are: Terminals, Telecommunications Processors, Telecommunications channels and Computers.

One of Telecommunications control software primary responsibilities is to perform network traffic management and monitoring operations. By managing network resources and circumventing possible congestion situations, this software can drastically improve service level satisfaction to users. The monitoring aspect that telecommunication control software can provide is crucial in being able to provide insight to administrators and users before a potential problem ever occurs.

With security being of great importance, telecommunications control software can be utilized to provide a network with various forms of network security defense implementation to include increased authentication and encryption which will prevent unauthorized system access and exploitation.

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Storage area network

2010-06-04T02:20:00.000-07:00

A storage area network (SAN) is an architecture to attach remote with computer storage devices to servers in such a way that the devices appear as locally attached to the operating system.

A SAN typically in its own network of storage devices that are generally not accessible through the regular network by regular devices. The cost and complexity of SANs dropped in the late 2000's, resulting in much wider adoption across both the enterprise and small to medium sized business environments.

Network types

Most storage networks are used with the SCSI protocol for communication between servers and disk drive devices. A mapping layer to other protocols is used to form a network:

* ATA over Ethernet (AoE),
* Fibre Channel Protocol (FCP),
* Fibre Channel over Ethernet (FCoE)
* ESCON over Fibre Channel (FICON),
* HyperSCSI, mapping of SCSI over Ethernet
* iFCP or SANoIP mapping of FCP over IP
* iSCSI, mapping of SCSI over TCP/IP
* iSCSI Extensions for RDMA (iSER),

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Virtual private network

2010-06-03T08:11:00.000-07:00

A virtual private network (VPN) encapsulates the data transfers between two or more networked devices not on the same private network so as to keep the transferred data private from other devices on one or more intervening local or wide area networks. There are many different types of classifications, implementations, and uses for VPNs.

Routing

Tunneling protocols can be used in a point-to-point topology that would have theoretically not be considered a VPN, because a VPN by definition is expected to support arbitrary and changing sets of network nodes. But since most of the router implementations support software-defined tunnel interface, customer-provisioned VPNs often are simply defined tunnels running conventional routing protocols.

On the other hand provider-provided VPNs (PPVPNs), need to support coexisting multiple VPNs, hidden from one another, but operated by the same service provider.

Customer edge device. (CE)

a device at the customer premises, that provides access to the PPVPN. Sometimes it's just a demarcation point between the provider and customer responsibility. Other providers allow customers to configure it.

Provider edge device (PE)

A PE is a device, or set of devices, at the edge of the provider network, that presents the provider's view of the customer site. PEs are aware of the VPNs that connect through them, and maintain VPN state.

Provider device (P)

A P device operates inside the provider's core network, and does not directly interface to any customer endpoint. It might, for example, provide routing for many provider-operated tunnels that belong to different customers' PPVPNs.

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Passive optical network

2010-06-02T07:50:00.000-07:00

A passive optical network (PON) is a point-to-multipoint, fiber to the premises network architecture in which the unpowered optical splitters utilizing Brewster's angle principles are used to enable a single optical fiber to serve multiple premises, typically 32-128. A PON consists of an optical line with terminal (OLT) at the service provider's central office and a number of optical network units (ONUs) near end users. A PON configuration reduces the amount of fiber and the central office equipment required compared with point to point architectures. A passive optical network is just a form of fiber-optic access network.

Downstream signals are broadcast to each of the premises sharing a single fiber. Encryption is used to prevent eavesdropping.

Upstream signals are combined with using a multiple access protocol, usually time division multiple access (TDMA). The OLTs "range" the ONUs in order to provide time slot assignments for upstream communication.

Standards

ITU-T G.983

* APON (ATM Passive Optical Network)

* BPON (Broadband PON)

IEEE 802.3ah

* EPON or GEPON (Ethernet PON)

ITU-T G.984

* GPON (Gigabit PON)

IEEE 802.3av

* 10G-EPON (10 Gigabit Ethernet PON)

SCTE IPS910

* RFoG (RFoverGlass)

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Satellite Internet access

2010-06-01T09:21:00.000-07:00

Satellite Internet access is Internet access provided through satellites. The service can be provided to users world-wide through Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites. Geostationary satellites can offer higher data speeds, but their signals can not reach some polar regions of the world. Different types of satellite systems have a wide range of different features and technical limitations, which can greatly affect their usefulness and performance in specific applications.

Signal latency

Latency is the delay between requesting data and the receipt of a response, or in the case of one-way communication, between the actual moment of a signal's broadcast and the time received at its destination. Compared to ground-based communication, all geostationary satellite communications experience high latency due to the signal having to travel 35,786 km (22,236 mi) to a satellite in geostationary orbit and back to Earth again. Even at the speed of light (about 300,000 km/second or 186,000 miles per second), this delay can be significant.

System hardware components

Similar to one-way terrestrial return, satellite Internet access may include interfaces to the public switched telephone network for squawk box applications. An Internet connection is not required, but many applications include a File Transfer Protocol (FTP) server to queue data for broadcast.

System software components

Most one-way multicast applications require custom programming at the remote sites. The software at the remote site must filter, store, present a selection interface to and display the data. The software at the transmitting station must provide access control, priority queuing, sending, and encapsulating of the data.

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3G wireless telecommunication

2010-05-31T10:43:00.000-07:00

International Mobile Telecommunications 2000 (IMT-2000), better known as 3G or 3rd Generation, is a family of standards for mobile telecommunications fulfilling specifications by the International Telecommunication Union, which includes UMTS, and CDMA2000 as well as the non-mobile wireless standards DECT and WiMAX. While the GSM EDGE standard also fulfils the IMT-2000 specification, EDGE phones are typically not branded 3G. Services include wide-area wireless voice telephone, video calls, and wireless data, all in a mobile environment. Compared to 2G and 2.5G services, 3G allows simultaneous use of speech and data services and higher data rates. Today's 3G systems can in practice offer up to 14.0 Mbit/s on the downlink and 5.8 Mbit/s on the uplink.

Overview

There are evolutionary standards that are backwards-compatible extensions to pre-existing 2G networks as well as revolutionary standards that require all-new networks and frequency allocations. The later group is the UMTS family, which consists of standards developed for IMT-2000, as well as the independently developed standards DECT and WiMAX, which were included because they fit the IMT-2000 definition.

Can also be used as an upgrade to PDC or D-AMPS.
Development halted in favour of LTE.
Also known as FOMA, UMTS is the common name for a standard that encompasses multiple air interfaces.
Also known as UTRA-FDD; W-CDMA is sometimes used as a synonym for UMTS, ignoring the other air interface options.
Also known as UTRA-TDD 3.84 Mcps high chip rate (HCR)
Also known as UTRA-TDD 1.28 Mcps low chip rate (LCR)

While EDGE fulfills the 3G specifications, most GSM/UMTS phones report EDGE (“2.75G”) and UMTS (“3G”) network availability as separate functionality.

Applications

The bandwidth and location information available to 3G devices gives rise to applications not previously available to mobile phone users. Some of the applications are:

Mobile TV – a provider redirects a TV channel directly to the subscriber's phone where it can be watched.
Video on demand – a provider sends a movie to the subscriber's phone.
Video conferencing – subscribers can see as well as talk to each other.
Tele-medicine – a medical provider monitors or provides advice to the potentially isolated subscriber.
Location-based services – a provider sends localized weather or traffic conditions to the phone, or the phone allows the subscriber to find nearby businesses or friends.

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Fiber-optic communication

2010-05-28T09:54:00.000-07:00

Fiber-optic communication is a method of transmitting informations from one place to the another by sending pulses of light through an optical fiber. The light forms an electromagnetic carrier wave that are being modulated to carry information. First developed in the 1970s, fiber-optic communication systems have revolutionized the telecommunications industry and have played a major role in the advent of the Information Age. Because of its advantages over electrical transmission, optical fibers have largely replaced copper wire communications in core networks in the developed world.

The process of communicating using fiber-optics involves the following basic steps: Creating the optical signal involving with the use of a transmitter, relaying the signal along the fiber, ensuring that the signal does not become too distorted or weak, receiving the optical signal, and converting it into an electrical signal.

Applications

Optical fiber is used by many telecommunications companies to transmit telephone signals, Internet communication, and with cable television signals. Due to much lower attenuation and interference, optical fiber has large advantages over existing copper wire in long-distance and high-demand applications. However, infrastructure development within cities was relatively difficult and time-consuming, and fiber-optic systems were complex and expensive to install and operate. Due to these difficulties, fiber-optic communication systems have primarily been installed in long-distance applications, where they can be used to their full transmission capacity, offsetting the increased cost. Since 2000, the prices for fiber-optic communications have dropped considerably. The price for rolling out fiber to the home has currently become more cost-effective than that of rolling out a copper based network. Prices have dropped to $850 per subscriber in the US and lower in countries like The Netherlands, where digging costs are low.

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Network security

2010-05-27T10:16:00.000-07:00

In the field of networking, the specialist area of network security consists of various provisions made in an underlying computer network infrastructure, policies adopted by the network administrator to protect the network and the network-accessible resources from unauthorized access, and consistent and continuous monitoring and measurement of its effectiveness (or lack) combined together.

The first step to information security

These terms have network security and information security and are often used interchangeably. Network security is generally taken as providing protection at the boundaries of an organization by keeping out intruders (hackers). Information security, however, explicitly focuses on protecting data resources from malware attack or simple mistakes by people within an organization by use of data loss prevention (DLP) techniques. One of these techniques is to compartmentalize large networks with internal boundaries.

Network security concepts

Network security starts from authenticating the user, commonly with the username and a password. Since this requires just one thing besides the user name, i.e. the password which is something you 'know', this is sometimes termed one factor authentication. With two factor authentication something you 'have' is also used (e.g. a security token or 'dongle', an ATM card, or your mobile phone), or with three factor authentication something you 'are' also been used (e.g. a fingerprint or retinal scan).

Once authenticated, a firewall enforces access policies such as what services are allowed to be accessed by the network users. Though effective to prevent unauthorized access, this component may fail to check potentially harmful content such as computer worms or Trojans being transmitted over the network. Anti-virus software or an intrusion prevention system (IPS) help detect and inhibit the action of such malware. An anomaly-based intrusion detection system may also monitor the network and traffic for unexpected (i.e. suspicious) content or behaviour and other anomalies to protect resources, e.g. from denial of service attacks or an employee accessing files at strange times. Individual events occurring on the network may be logged for audit purposes and for later high level analysis.

Honeypots, essentially decoy network-accessible resources, could be deployed in a network as surveillance and early-warning tools. Techniques used by the attackers that attempt to compromise these decoy resources are studied during and after an attack to keep an eye on new exploitation techniques. Such analysis could be used to further tighten security of the actual network being protected by the honeypot.

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Fixed wireless

2010-05-26T10:13:00.000-07:00

Fixed wireless is the operation for wireless devices or systems used to connect with two fixed locations (e.g., buildings) with a radio or other wireless link, such as laser bridge. Usually, these fixed wireless is part of a wireless LAN infrastructure. The purpose of a fixed wireless link is to enable data communications between the two sites or with buildings. Fixed wireless data (FWD) links are often a cost-effective alternative to leasing fiber or installing cables between the buildings.

The point-to-point signal transmissions occur through the air over a terrestrial microwave platform rather than through copper or optical fiber; therefore, fixed wireless does not require with satellite feeds or local telephone service. The advantages of fixed wireless include the ability to connect with users in remote areas without the need for laying new cables and the capacity for broad bandwidth that is not impeded by fiber or cable capacities. Fixed wireless devices usually derives their electrical power from the public utility mains, unlike mobile wireless or portable wireless devices which tend to be battery powered.

Fixed Wireless Broadband

With the growing infrastructure of the GSM wireless networks, fixed wireless has also become now a viable solution for broadband access. Using the 3G speed and reliability, businesses and homes can use fixed wireless antenna technology to access broadband internet and Layer 2 networks using fixed Wireless broadband. Because of the redundancy and saturation of the GSM network, antennas that can aggregate signal from multiple carriers are able to offer fail-over and redundancy for connectivity not otherwise afforded by wired connections. In rural areas where wired infrastructure is not yet available, fixed wireless broadband has become a viable option for internet access.

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Micro Bill Systems

2010-05-25T09:12:00.000-07:00

Micro Bill Systems, also known as MicroBillSys, MBS and Platte Media, is an online collection service with offices in Leeds, England, considered to be malware. The company states that it is a professional billing company offering "software management solutions that can aid your business in reducing uncollectable payments." The company's best-known clients are online gambling and pornography sites offering three-day free trials of their subscription-based services. If users do not cancel during the trial period, the MBS software begins a repeating cycle of full-screen pop-up windows warning users that their account is overdue and demanding payment.

The eleven-page MBS end-user license agreement contains a clause stating that unless the bill is paid, the software will disrupt computer use longer each day, with up to four daily periods of 10 minutes when the pop-up payment demand is locked and cannot be closed or minimized. Users have complained about the unexpected bills, feel victimized, and deny ever accessing the video sites they are being billed for. MBS denies installing its software by stealthy means and says that the software is downloaded by consent. Many consumers are unaware that they have agreed to the download.

Operation

When a user first accesses an online service whose collections are managed by MBS, the sign-up software creates with a unique identifier based on the user's computer configuration and IP address. This identifier permits MBS to maintain a history of user access to supported sites and to send billing notices directly to the user's computer without the consumer ever having entered a name, credit card number, or other personal information.

The billing notices take the form of repeating pop-up windows warning users that their account is overdue and demanding payment for a 30-day subscription. The pop-ups cover a substantial area of the screen and often cannot be closed, effectively preventing use of the computer for up to ten minutes. Their number and frequency increases over time, and to stop them consumers must pay.[6] According to the company's terms and conditions, the agreement can be canceled and the software uninstalled only when no balance is outstanding.

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Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)

2010-05-24T10:16:00.000-07:00

DSL is a family of technologies that provides digital data transmission over the wires of a local telephone network. DSL originally stood for digital subscriber loop. In telecommunications marketing, the term Digital Subscriber Line is widely understood to mean Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL), the most commonly installed technical varieties of DSL. DSL service is delivered simultaneously with regular telephone on the same telephone line as it uses a higher frequency band that is separated by filtering.

The data throughput of consumer DSL services typically ranges from 384 KB/s to 20 MB/s in the direction to the customer, depending on DSL technology, line conditions, and service-level implementation. Typically, the data throughput in the reverse direction, i.e. in the direction to the service provider is lower, hence the designation of asymmetric service, but the two are equal for the Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line (SDSL) service.

Voice and data

DSL uses a second, higher frequency band (greater than 25 kHz) above the low frequency regime (5 kHz and below) used by voice communications. On the customer premises, a DSL filter is installed on each outlet for telephone handsets to remove the high frequency band, eliminating interference with the operation of the telephone set, and enabling simultaneous use.

DSL technologies

DSL technologies (sometimes summarized as xDSL) include:

ISDN Digital Subscriber Line (IDSL), uses ISDN based technology to provide data flow that is slightly higher than dual channel ISDN.
High Data Rate Digital Subscriber Line (HDSL / HDSL2), was the first DSL technology that uses a higher frequency spectrum of copper,
Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line (SDSL / SHDSL), the volume of data flow is equal in both directions.
Symmetric High-speed Digital Subscriber Line (G.SHDSL), a standardised replacement for early proprietary SDSL.
Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL), the volume of data flow is greater in one direction than the other.
Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line 2 (ADSL2), an improved version of ADSL
Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line 2 Plus (ADSL2+), A version of ADSL2 that doubles the data rates by using twice the spectrum.
Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line Plus Plus (ADSL++), technology developed by Centillium Communications for the Japanese market that extends downstream rates to 50 Mbit/s by using spectrum up to 3.75 MHz.
Bonded DSL Rings (BDR), A shared ring topology at 400 Mbit/s
Rate-Adaptive Digital Subscriber Line (RADSL), designed to increase range and noise tolerance by sacrificing up stream speed
Very High Speed Digital Subscriber Line (VDSL)
Very High Speed Digital Subscriber Line 2 (VDSL2), an improved version of VDSL
Etherloop Ethernet Local Loop

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Optical communication

2010-05-21T10:15:00.000-07:00

Optical communication is a form of telecommunication that uses light as the transmission medium.

An optical communication system consists of transmitter, which encodes a message into an optical signal, with a channel, which carries the signal to its destination, and a receiver, which reproduces the message from the received optical signal.

Forms of optical communication

There are many forms of non-technological optical communication, which includes body language and sign language.

Techniques such as semaphore lines, ship flags, smoke signals, and beacon fires were the earliest form of technological optical communication.

The heliograph uses a mirror to reflect sunlight in to a distant observer. By moving the mirror the distant observer sees flashes of light that can be used to send a prearranged signaling code. Navy ships often use a signal lamp to signal in Morse code in a similar way.

Distress flares are used by mariners in emergencies, while lighthouses and navigation lights are used to communicate navigation hazards.

Aircraft use the landing lights at airports to land safely, especially at night. Aircraft landing on an aircraft carrier use a similar system to land correctly on the carrier deck. The light systems communicate the correct position of the aircraft relative to the best landing glideslope. Also, many control towers still have an Aldis lamp to communicate with planes whose radio failed.

Optical fiber is the most common medium for modern digital optical communication.

Free-space optical communication is also used today in a variety of applications.

Optical fiber communication

Optical fiber is the most common type of channel for optical communications, however, other types of optical waveguides are used within computers or communications gear, and have even formed the channel of very short distance (e.g. chip-to-chip, intra-chip) links in laboratory trials. The transmitters in optical fiber links are generally light-emitting diodes (LEDs) or laser diodes. Infrared light, rather than visible light is used more commonly, because optical fibers transmit infrared wavelengths with less attenuation and dispersion. The signal encoding is typically simple intensity modulation, although historically optical phase and frequency modulation have been demonstrated in the lab. The need for periodic signal regeneration was largely superseded by the introduction of the erbium-doped fiber amplifier, which extended link distances at significantly lower cost.

Free-space optical communication

Free Space Optics (FSO) systems are generally employed for 'last mile' communications and can function over distances of several kilometers as long as there is a clear line of sight between the source and the destination, and the optical receiver can reliably decode the transmitted information. IrDA is an example of low-data-rate, short distance free-space optical communications using LEDs.

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Code division multiple access

2010-05-20T10:09:00.000-07:00

Code division multiple access (CDMA) is a channel accessed with various method and utilized by various radio communication technologies. It should not be confused with the mobile phone standards called cdmaOne and CDMA2000 (which are often referred to as simply CDMA), which use CDMA as an underlying channel access method.

One of the basic concepts in data communication is the idea for allowing several transmitters to send information simultaneously over a single communication channel. This allows several users to share a bandwidth of different frequencies. This concept is called multiplexing. CDMA employs spread-spectrum technology and a special coding scheme (where each transmitter is assigned with a code) to allow multiple users to be multiplexed over the same physical channel. By contrast, time division multiple access (TDMA) divides access by time, while frequency-division multiple access (FDMA) divides it by frequency. CDMA is a form of spread-spectrum signaling, since these are modulated with coded signal that has a much higher data bandwidth than the data being communicated.

An analogy to the problem of multiple access is a room (channel) in which people have a wish to communicate with each other. To avoid confusion, people could take turns speaking (time division), speak at different pitches (frequency division), or speak in different languages (code division). CDMA is analogous to the last example where people speaking the same language can understand each other, but not other people. Similarly, in radio CDMA, each group of users is given a shared code. Many codes occupy the same channel, but only users associated with a particular code can understand each other.

Uses of CDMA mobile phone

One of the early applications for code division multiplexing is in GPS. This predates and has distinct from cdmaOne.
The Qualcomm standard IS-95, marketed as cdmaOne.
The Qualcomm standard IS-2000, known as CDMA2000. This standard is used by several mobile phone companies, including the Globalstar satellite phone network.
CDMA has been used in the OmniTRACS satellite system for transportation logistics.

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LAN Switches

2010-05-19T10:10:00.000-07:00

LAN switching is a form of packet switching used in local area networks. Switching technologies are crucial in network design, as they allow traffic to be sent only where it is needed in most cases, using fast, hardware-based methods.

Layer 2 switching

Layer 2 switching is hardware based, which means it uses the media access control address (MAC address) from the host's network interface cards (NICs) to decide where to forward frames. Switches use application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs) to build and maintain filter tables (also known as MAC address tables). One way to think of a layer 2 switch is as a multiport bridge.

* Hardware-based bridging (MAC)
* Wire speed
* High speed
* Low latency
* Low cost

Layer 3 switching

The only difference between a layer 3 switch and router is the way the administrator creates the physical implementation. Also, traditional routers use microprocessors to make forwarding decisions, and the switch performs only hardware-based packet switching. However, some traditional routers can have other hardware functions as well in some of the higher-end models. Layer 3 switches can be placed anywhere in the network because they handle high-performance LAN traffic and can cost-effectively replace routers. Layer 3 switching is all hardware-based packet forwarding, and all packet forwarding is handled by hardware ASICs. Layer 3 switches really are no different functionally than a traditional router and perform the same functions, which are listed here

* Determine paths based on logical addressing
* Run layer 3 checksums (on header only)
* Use Time to Live (TTL)
* Process and respond to any option information
* Update Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) managers with Management Information Base (MIB) information
* Provide Security

The benefits of layer 3 switching include the following

* Hardware-based packet forwarding
* High-performance packet switching
* High-speed scalability
* Low latency
* Lower per-port cost
* Flow accounting
* Security
* Quality of service (QoS)

Layer 4 switching provides additional routing above layer 3 by using the port numbers found in the Transport layer header to make routing decisions.

These port numbers are found in Request for Comments (RFC) 1700 and reference the upper-layer protocol, program, or application.

Layer 4 information has been used to help make routing decisions for quite a while. For example, extended access lists can filter packets based on layer 4 port numbers. Another example is accounting information gathered by NetFlow switching in Cisco's higher-end routers.

The largest benefit of layer 4 switching is that the network administrator can configure a layer 4 switch to prioritize data traffic by application, which means a QoS can be defined for each user.

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Unofficial Telecommunications Transfers On The Rise

2010-05-18T06:03:00.000-07:00

Telecommunication - a word which defines the entire connectivity of the World. This epitome of technology, which in progress being used as a luxury is now the necessity of every individual.
It all started when a person in Scotland,Alexander Graham Bell, in his try to make a multiple Telegraph, ended up inventing telephone, which was then called the 'Harmonic Telegraph'. March 10th 1876, witnessed the labor of telephone. Graham Bell wanted the salutation on telephone to be 'Ahoy', which later was changed by Abram Lincon as 'Hello'.

Telecommunication then graduated to become a major part of the economy. Business, dealings, regular communication everything now depends on telecommunication. World Telecommunication Day, on the 17th of May is a tribute to this system and a day to focus on the importance of Information and Communication technologies. 17th May is the anniversary of the signing of the first International Telegraph Convention and the creation of the International Telecommunication Union.

This day was first observed on 1969. Another cause later joined the World Telecommunication day on 17th May 2006. This was the World Information Society Day. These two days were brought together to help raise awareness of what Internet and other information and communication technologies (ICT) can bring to societies and economies, as well as of ways to bridge the digital divide. This year is the 44th celebration of World Telecommunication and World Information Society Day.

The theme on this years at ShanghaiWorld Telecommunication and Information Society Day is “Better City, Better Life With ICTs.” This year it is aimed to achieve greener, safer, healthier, more prosperous, more inclusive, and better-managed cities where over half the world’s population dwells.

As for India, a grand event is being held at Heritage Institute of Technology, Kolkata. This event has been organised by the Public Relation Society of India (PRSI) and BSNL. This meet will be attended by famous personalities like, S K Bhaduri, General Manager, Calcutta telephones, Prof Anutosh Chatterjee, Emeritus Professor, Phalguni Mukherjee, chief managing director, Brainware, Kasturi Bhattacharya, Head, Telecom, Pricewaterhouse coopers, Probir Roy and N R Mukherjee, chairman, PRSI Kolkata Chapter.

Roaming

2010-05-17T09:14:00.000-07:00

In wireless telecommunications, roaming is a general term that refers to the extending of the connectivity service in a location that is different from the home location where the service was registered. Roaming ensures that the wireless device keeps connected to the network, without losing the connection. The term "roaming" originates from the GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) sphere; the term "roaming" can also be applied to the CDMA technology. Traditional GSM Roaming is defined (cf. GSM Association Permanent Reference Document AA.39) as the ability for a cellular customer to automatically make and receive voice calls, send and receive data, or access other services, including home data services, when travelling outside the geographical coverage area of the home network, by means of using a visited network. This can be done by using a communication terminal or else just by using the subscriber identity in the visited network. Roaming is technically supported by mobility management, authentication, authorization and billing procedures.

Roaming in general

Roaming is divided into "SIM-based roaming" and "Username/password-based roaming", whereby the technical term "roaming" also encompasses roaming between networks of different network standards, such as e.g. WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network) or GSM. Device equipment and functionality, such as SIM card capability, antenna and network interfaces, and power management, determine the access possibilities.

* SIM-based roaming: GSM subscriber roams onto a Public WLAN operated by:
o their GSM Operator, or
o another Operator who has a roaming agreement with their GSM Operator.

* Username/password based roaming: GSM subscriber roams onto a Public WLAN operated by o their GSM Operator, or
o another Operator who has a roaming agreement with their GSM Operator.

The roaming process

The details of the roaming process differ among types of cellular networks, but in general, the process resembles the following:

When the mobile device is turned on or is transferred via a handover to the network, this new visited network sees the device, notices that it is not registered with its own system, and attempts to identify its home network. If there is no roaming agreement between the two networks, maintenance of service is impossible, and service is denied by the visited network.
The visited network contacts the home network and requests service information (including whether or not the mobile should be allowed to roam) about the roaming device using the IMSI number.
If successful, the visited network begins to maintain a temporary subscriber record for the device. Likewise, the home network updates its information to indicate that the mobile is on the host network so that any information sent to that device can be correctly routed.

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Google Updates Gmail Mobile

2010-05-15T06:22:00.000-07:00

Google has given Gmail mobile a tuneup. The company released two vert small updates to Gmail mobile yesterday that look to make the mobile experience of Gmail similar to that of the desktop version, says InformationWeek.

Google added keyboard shortcuts and address auto-completion to Gmail mobile. At the moment, the keyboard shortcuts are available only to Android phones with a physical keyboard, but the auto-completion feature works with all devices. Users of non-English versions of Gmail mobile are currently on the outside looking in with the new updates, says CNET News. Google has not stated when or if the updates will be made to other localizations of the service.

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Router

2010-05-15T05:53:00.000-07:00

A router is a device that interconnects with two or more computer networks, and selectively interchanges packets of data between them. Each data packet contains address information that a router can be use to determine if the source and destination are on the same network, or if the data packet must be transferred from one network to the another. Where multiple routers are being used in a large collection of interconnected networks, the routers exchange information about target system addresses, so that each router can build up a table showing the preferred paths between any two systems on the interconnected networks.

A router is a networking device whose software and hardware are customized with the tasks of routing and forwarding information. A router has two or more set of network interfaces, which may be to different physical types of network (such as copper cables, fiber, or wireless) or different network standards. Each network interface is a small computer specialized to convert electric signals from one form to another.

Routers connect two or more logical subnets, which do not share a common network address. The subnets in the router do not necessarily map one-to-one to the physical interfaces of the router. The term "layer 3 switching" is used often interchangeably with the term "routing". The term switching is generally used to refer to data forwarding between two network devices that share a common network address. This is also called layer 2 switching or LAN switching.

Types of routers

* Edge Router:.
* Subscriber Edge Router
* Inter-provider Border Router
*Core router.

Router Manufacturers

The major router manufacturers include:

* Cisco Systems
* D-link
* Juniper Networks
* Brocade
* Alcatel-Lucent
* Fujitsu
* Huawei
* ZTE
* Extreme Networks
* UTStarcom

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Videoconferencing

2010-05-14T10:47:00.000-07:00

A video conference (also known as a video teleconference) is a set of interactive telecommunication technologies which allow two or more locations to interact via two-way video and audio transmissions simultaneously. It has also been called as 'visual collaboration' and is a type of groupware.

Videoconferencing differs from videophone calls in that it's designed to serve a conference rather than individuals. It is an intermediate form of the videotelephony, first deployed commercially by AT&T during the early 1970s using their Picturephone technology.

History

Videoconferencing used in telecommunications of audio and video to bring people at different sites together for a meeting. This can be as simple as a conversation between two people in private offices (point-to-point) or involve several sites (multi-point) with more than one person in large rooms at different sites. Besides the audio and visual transmission of meeting activities, videoconferencing can be used to share documents, computer-displayed information, and whiteboards.

Simple analog videoconferences could be established early before the invention of the television. Such videoconferencing systems usually consisted of two closed-circuit television systems connected via cable. An example of that was the German Reich Postzentralamt (Post Office) network set up in Berlin and several other cities from 1936 to 1940.

During the first manned space flights, NASA used two radiofrequency (UHF or VHF) links, one in each direction. TV channels routinely use this kind of videoconferencing when reporting from distant locations, for instance. Then mobile links to satellites using specially equipped trucks became rather common.

This technique was very expensive, though, and could not be used for applications such as telemedicine, distance education, and business meetings. Attempts at using normal telephony networks to transmit slow-scan video, such as the first systems developed by AT&T, failed mostly due to the poor picture quality and the lack of efficient video compression techniques. The greater 1 MHz bandwidth and 6 Mbit/s bit rate of Picturephone in the 1970s also did not cause the service to prosper.

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Web hosting service

2010-05-13T09:25:00.000-07:00

A web hosting service is a type of Internet hosting service that allows individuals and the organizations to make their own website accessible via the World Wide Web. Web hosts are companies that provide space on a server they own or lease for use by their clients as well as providing Internet connectivity, typically in a data center. Web hosts can also provide us data center space and connectivity to the Internet for servers they do not own to be located in their data center, called colocation.

The scope of hosting services varies widely. The most basic in web page are small-scale file hosting, where files can be uploaded via File Transfer Protocol (FTP) or a Web interface. The files are usually delivered to the Web "as is" or with little processing. Many Internet service providers (ISPs) offer this service free to their subscribers. People can also obtain Web page hosting from other, alternative service providers with Personal web site hosting is typically free, advertisement-sponsored, or inexpensive. Business web site hosting often has a higher expense.

Types of hosting:

Internet hosting services can run Web servers; see Internet hosting services.
Hosting services limited to the Web.
Many large companies who are not internet service providers also need a computer permanently connected to the web so that they can easily send email, files, etc. to other sites. They may also use the computer as a website host so they can provide details of their goods and services to anyone who are interested. Additionally these people may decide to place online orders.

Free web hosting service
Shared web hosting service
Reseller web hosting
Virtual Dedicated Server
Dedicated hosting service
Managed hosting service
Colocation web hosting service
Cloud Hosting
Clustered hosting
Grid hosting
Home server

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Outsourcing

2010-05-12T12:19:00.000-07:00

Outsourcing often refers to the process of contracting to a third-party. While outsourcing may be viewed as a component to the growing division of labor encompassing all societies, the term did not enter the English-speaking lexicon until the 1980s. Since the 1980s, transnational corporations have increased subcontracting across national boundaries. In the United States, outsourcing is a popular political issue.

Overview

A precise definition of outsourcing has yet to be agreed upon. Thus, the term is used inconsistently. However, outsourcing is often and viewed as involving the contracting out of a business function to an external provider. In this sense, two organizations may enter a contractual agreement involving an exchange for services and payments. Of recent concern is the ability of businesses to outsource to suppliers outside the nation, sometimes referred to as offshoring or offshore outsourcing (which are odd terms because doing business with another country does not mean you have to go offshore) In addition, several related terms have emerged to grasp various aspects of the complex relationship between economic organizations or networks, such as nearshoring, multisourcing and strategic outsourcing. Almost any conceivable business practice can be outsourced for any number of stated reasons. The implications of outsourcing objectively and subjectively vary across time and space.

Reasons

Organizations that outsource are seeking to realize benefits or address with following issues:

Cost savings - The lowering of the overall cost of the service to the business. This will involve reducing the scope, defining quality levels, re-pricing, re-negotiation, cost re-structuring. Access to lower cost economies through offshoring called "labor arbitrage" generated by the wage gap between industrialized and developing nations.
Focus on Core Business - Resources (for example investment, people, infrastructure) are focused on developing the core business.
Improve quality - Achieve a step change in quality through contracting out the service with a new service level agreement.
Knowledge - Access to intellectual property and wider experience and knowledge.
Contract - Services will be provided to a legally binding contract with financial penalties and legal redress. This is not the case with internal services.
Operational expertise - Access to operational best practice that would be too difficult or time consuming to develop in-house.
Access to talent - Access to a larger talent pool and a sustainable source of skills, in particular in science and engineering.
Capacity management - An improved method of capacity management of services and technology where the risk in providing the excess capacity is borne by the supplier..
Risk management - An approach to risk management for some types of risks is to partner with an outsourcer who is better able to provide the mitigation.
Venture Capital - Some countries match government funds venture capital with private venture capital for start-ups that start businesses in their country.
Tax Benefit - Countries offer tax incentives to move manufacturing operations to counter high corporate taxes within another country.
Scalability - The outsourced company will usually be prepared to manage a temporary or permanent increase or decrease in production.
Creating leisure time - Individuals may wish to outsource their work in order to optimise their work-leisure balance.

General Packet Radio Service

2010-05-12T11:19:00.000-07:00

General packet radio service (GPRS) is a packet oriented mobile data service which are available to users of the 2G cellular communication systems global system for mobile communications (GSM), as well as in the 3G systems. In 2G systems, GPRS provides data rates of 56-114 kbit/s

GPRS data transfer is typically charged per megabyte of traffic transferred, while data communication via traditional circuit switching is billed per minute of connection time, independent of whether the user actually is using the capacity or is in an idle state. GPRS is a best-effort packet switched service, as opposed to circuit switching, where a certain quality of service (QoS) is guaranteed during the connection for non-mobile users.

2G cellular systems combined with GPRS are often described as 2.5G, that is, a technology between the second (2G) and third (3G) generations of mobile telephony. It provides a moderate speed data transfer, by using unused time division multiple access (TDMA) channels in, for example, the GSM system. Originally there was some thought to extend GPRS to cover other standards, but instead those networks are being converted to use the GSM standard, so that GSM is the only kind of network where GPRS is used. GPRS is integrated into GSM Release 97 and newer releases. It was originally standardized by European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI), but now by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP).

GPRS was developed as a GSM response to the earlier CDPD and i-mode packet switched cellular technologies.

Services offered

GPRS extends the GSM circuit switched data capabilities and makes the following services possible:

* "Always on" internet access
* Multimedia messaging service (MMS)
* Push to talk over cellular (PoC/PTT)
* Instant messaging and presence—wireless village
* Internet applications for smart devices through wireless application protocol (WAP)
* Point-to-point (P2P) service: inter-networking with the Internet (IP)

If SMS over GPRS is used, an SMS transmission speed of about 30 SMS messages per minute may be achieved. This is much faster than u the ordinary SMS over GSM, whose SMS transmission speed is about 6 to 10 SMS messages per minute.

Satellite dish

2010-05-11T10:49:00.000-07:00

A satellite dish is a dish-shaped type of parabolic antenna designed to receive the microwaves from the communications satellites, which transmits data from transmissions or broadcasts, such as satellite television.

Principle of operation

The parabolic shape of a dish is to reflect the signal to the dish’s focal point. Mounted on brackets at the dish's focal point is a device called as feedhorn. This feedhorn is essentially the front-end of a waveguide that gathers the signals at or near the focal point and 'conducts' them to a low-noise block with downconverter or LNB. The LNB converts the signals from electromagnetic or radio waves to the electrical signals and shifts the signals from the downlinked C-band and/or Ku-band to the L-band range. Direct broadcast satellite dishes use an LNBF, which integrates the feedhorn with the LNB. (A new form of omnidirectional satellite antenna, which does not use a directed parabolic dish and can be used on a mobile platform such as a vehicle was announced by the University of Waterloo in 2004.

The theoretical gain (directive gain) of a dish increases as when the frequency increases. The actual gain depends on many factors including with some surface finish, accuracy of shape, feedhorn matching. A typical value for a consumer type 60 cm satellite dish at 11.75 GHz is 37.50 dB.

With lower frequencies, C-band for example, dish designers have a wider choice of materials. The large size of the dish required for lower frequencies led to the dishes being constructed from metal mesh on a metal framework. At higher frequencies, mesh type designs are rarer though some designs which have used a solid dish with perforations.

A common misconception is that the LNBF (low-noise block/feedhorn), the device at the front of the dish, receives the signal directly from the atmosphere. For instance, one BBC News countdown shows a "red data stream" being received by the LNBF directly instead of being beamed to the dish, which because of its parabolic shape will collect the signal into a smaller area and deliver it to the LNBF.

Modern dishes intended for home television use are generally 43 cm (18 in) to 80 cm (31 in) in diameter, and are fixed in one position, for Ku-band reception from one orbital position. Prior to the existence of direct broadcast satellite services, home users would generally have a motorised C-band dish of up to 3 metres in diameter for reception of channels from different satellites. Overly small dishes can still cause problems, however, including rain fade and interference from adjacent satellites.

Systems design

In a single receiver residential installation there is a single cable from the receiver to LNB and the receiver uses different power supply voltages (14/18V) to select polarization and pilot tones (22 kHz) to instruct the LNB to select one of the two frequency bands. In larger installations each band and polarization is given its own cable, so there are 4 cables from the LNB to a switching matrix, which allows the connection of multiple receivers in a star topology using the same signalling method as in a single receiver installation

Types

Motor-driven dish
Multi-satellite
VSAT
Ad hoc

Wireless broadband

2010-05-11T10:37:00.000-07:00

Wireless Broadband is a new technology that provides high-speed wireless internet and data network to access over a wide area.

The term broadband

According to the 802.16-2004 standard, broadband means 'having instantaneous bandwidth greater than around 1 MHz and supporting data rates greater than about 1.5 Mbit/s. This means that Wireless Broadband features speeds are roughly equivalent to wired broadband access, such as that of ADSL or a cable modem.

Technology and speeds

A typical WISP Customer Premises Equipment (CPE) installed on a residence.

Few Wireless Internet Service Providers (WISPs) provides download speeds of over 100 Mbit/s; most wireless broadband access services that are estimated to have a range of 50 km (30 miles) from a tower. Technologies used to include LMDS and MMDS, as well as heavy use of the ISM bands and one particular access technology is being standardized by IEEE 802.16, also known as WiMAX. WiMAX is highly popular in Europe but has not met full acceptance in the United States because cost of deployment does not meet return on investment figures. In 2005 the Federal Communications Commission adopted a Report and Order that revised the FCC’s rules to open the 3650 MHz band for terrestrial wireless broadband operations. On November 14, 2007 the Commission released Public Notice DA 07-4605 in which the Wireless Telecommunications Bureau announced the start date for licensing and registration process for the 3650-3700 MHz band.

Initially, WISPs were only found in rural areas not covered by cable or DSL.. These early WISPs would employ a high-capacity T-carrier, such as a T1 or DS3 connection, and then to broadcast the signal from a high elevation, such as at the top of a water tower. To receive this type of Internet connection, consumers mount a small dish to the roof of their home or office and point it to the transmitter. Line of sight is usually necessary for WISPs operating in the 2.4 and 5 GHz bands with 900 MHz offering better NLOS (non-line-of-sight) performance.

Mobile wireless broadband

This is also called as Mobile Broadband, wireless broadband technologies includes some new services from companies such as Verizon, Sprint, and AT&T Mobility, which allows a more mobile version of this broadband access. Consumers can purchase a PC card, laptop card, or USB equipment to connect their PC or laptop to the Internet via cell phone towers. This type of connection would be stable in almost any area that could also receive a strong cell phone connection. These connections can cost more for portable convenience as well as having speed limitations in all but urban environments.

Online game

2010-05-10T11:01:00.000-07:00

An online game is a game played over some form through a computer network. This almost always means the Internet or equivalent technology; but games have always used whatever technology was in current: modems before the Internet, and hard wired terminals before modems. The expansion of online gaming has reflected the overall expansion of the computer networks from small local networks to the Internet and the growth of Internet access itself. Online games can range from simple text based games to various games incorporating complex graphics and virtual worlds populated by many players simultaneously. Many online games have associated with online communities, making online games a form of social activity beyond single player games.

The rising popularity of Flash and Java led to an Internet revolution where websites could utilize streaming video, audio, and a whole new set of with user interactivity. When Microsoft began packaging Flash as a pre-installed component of IE, the Internet began to shift from a data or information spectrum and also offer in-demand entertainment. This revolution paved the way for sites to offer the games to web surfers. Some online multiplayer games like World of Warcraft, Final Fantasy XI and Lineage II charge a monthly fee to subscribe to their services, while games such as Guild Wars offer an alternative have no monthly fee scheme. Many other sites relied on advertising revenues from on-site sponsors, while others, like RuneScape, or Tibia (computer game) let people play for free while leaving the players the option of paying, unlocking new content for the members.

After the dot-com bubble burst in 2001, many sites solely relying on various advertising revenue dollars faced extreme adversity. Despite the decreasing profitability of online gaming websites, some sites have survived the fluctuating ad market by offsetting the advertising revenue loss by using the content as a cross-promotion tool for driving web visitors to the other websites that the company owns.

The term online gaming in many circles is being strictly defined to describe games that do not have involve in wagering, although many still use the term online gaming synonymously with online gambling. This article focuses on online games that do not involve in wagering.

Telephone

2010-05-10T10:47:00.000-07:00

In an analog telephone network, the caller is connected to the person he wants to talk to by switches at various telephone exchanges. The switches form an electrical connection between the two users and the setting of these switches is determined electronically when the caller dials the number. Once the connection is made, the caller's voice is transformed to an electrical signal using a small microphone in the caller's handset. This electrical signal is then sent through the network to the user at the other end where it is transformed back into sound by a small speaker in that person's handset. There is a separate electrical connection that works in reverse, allowing the users to converse.

The fixed-line telephones in most residential homes are analog — that is, the speaker's voice directly determines the signal's voltage. Although short-distance calls may be handled from end-to-end as analog signals, increasingly telephone service providers are transparently converting the signals to digital for transmission before converting them back to analog for reception.

The advantage of this is that digitized voice data can travel side-by-side with data from the Internet and can be perfectly reproduced in long distance communication.

Mobile phones have had a significant impact on telephone networks. Mobile phone subscriptions now outnumber fixed-line subscriptions in many markets. Sales of mobile phones in 2005 totalled 816.6 million with that figure being almost equally shared amongst the markets of Asia/Pacific (204 m), Western Europe (164 m), CEMEA (Central Europe, the Middle East and Africa) (153.5 m), North America (148 m) and Latin America (102 m). In terms of new subscriptions over the five years from 1999, Africa has outpaced other markets with 58.2% growth. Increasingly these phones are being serviced by systems where the voice content is transmitted digitally such as GSM or W-CDMA with many markets choosing to depreciate analog systems such as AMPS.

There have also been dramatic changes in telephone communication behind the scenes. Starting with the operation of TAT-8 in 1988, the 1990s saw the widespread adoption of systems based on optic fibres. The benefit of communicating with optic fibers is that they offer a drastic increase in data capacity. TAT-8 itself was able to carry 10 times as many telephone calls as the last copper cable laid at that time and today's optic fibre cables are able to carry 25 times as many telephone calls as TAT-8. This increase in data capacity is due to several factors: First, optic fibres are physically much smaller than competing technologies. Second, they do not suffer from crosstalk which means several hundred of them can be easily bundled together in a single cable.Lastly, improvements in multiplexing have led to an exponential growth in the data capacity of a single fibre.

Assisting communication across many modern optic fibre networks is a protocol known as Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM). The ATM protocol allows for the side-by-side data transmission mentioned in the second paragraph. It is suitable for public telephone networks because it establishes a pathway for data through the network and associates a traffic contract with that pathway. The traffic contract is essentially an agreement between the client and the network about how the network is to handle the data; if the network cannot meet the conditions of the traffic contract it does not accept the connection. This is important because telephone calls can negotiate a contract so as to guarantee themselves a constant bit rate, something that will ensure a caller's voice is not delayed in parts or cut-off completely. There are competitors to ATM, such as Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS), that perform a similar task and are expected to supplant ATM in the future.

Mobile banking

2010-05-07T23:53:00.000-07:00

Mobile banking (also known as M-Banking, mbanking, SMS Banking etc.) is a term used for performing balance checks, account transactions, payments etc. via a mobile device such as a mobile phone. Mobile banking today (2007) is most often performed via SMS or the Mobile Internet but can also use special programs called clients downloaded to the mobile device.

Mobile banking is defined as:

"Mobile Banking refers to provision and availment of banking- and financial services with the help of mobile telecommunication devices.The scope of offered services may include facilities to conduct bank and stock market transactions, to administer accounts and to access customised information.

Mobile Banking can be said to consist of Three inter-related concepts:

* Mobile Accounting
* Mobile Brokerage
* Mobile Financial Information Services

Most services in the categories designated Accounting and Brokerage are transaction-based. The non-transaction-based services of an informational nature are however essential for conducting transactions - for instance, balance inquiries might be needed before committing a money remittance. The accounting and brokerage services are therefore offered invariably in combination with information services.

Mobile phone banking may also be used to help in business situations

Mobile Banking Services

1. Balance checking in the account
2. Monitoring of term deposits
3. Mini-statements and checking of account history
4. Mutual funds / equity statements
5. Insurance policy management
6. Pension plan management
7. Status on cheque, stop payment on cheque
8. Ordering check books
9. Access to card statements
10. Access to loan statements
11. Recent transactions
12. Blocking of (lost, stolen) cards
13. Due date of payment (functionality for stop, change and deleting of payments)
14. Alerts on account activity or passing of set thresholds
15. PIN provision, Change of PIN and reminder over the Internet

Wireless Application Protocol

2010-05-07T23:33:00.000-07:00

Wireless Access Protocol (WAP) is an open international standard for application-layer network communications in a wireless-communication environment. Most use of WAP involves accessing the mobile web from a mobile phone or from a PDA.

A WAP browser provides all of the basic services of a computer-based web browser but simplified to operate within the restrictions of a mobile phone, such as its smaller view screen. Users can connect to WAP sites: websites written in, or dynamically converted to, WML (Wireless Markup Language) and accessed via the WAP browser.

Before the introduction of WAP, service providers had extremely limited opportunities to offer interactive data services, but needed interactivity to support now-common place activities such as:

-Email by mobile phone
-Tracking of stock-market prices
-Music downloads
-News headlines
-Sports results

Technical specifications

The WAP standard[2] describes a protocol suite that allows the interoperability of WAP equipment and software with many different network technologies, thus allowing the building of a single platform for competing network technologies such as GSM and IS-95 (also known as CDMA) networks.

Wap Protocol Suite

Wireless Application Environment (WAE)

Wireless Session Protocol (WSP)

Wireless Transaction Protocol (WTP)

Wireless Transport Layer Security (WTLS)

Wireless Datagram Protocol (WDP)

Mobile Web

2010-05-06T10:48:00.000-07:00

The Mobile Web refers to browser-based access to the Internet or web applications using a mobile device such as a smartphone - connected to a wireless network. In 2008 an important milestone in the transition from fixed to mobile Web use was reached when mobile access to the Internet exceeded desktop computer-based access for the first time (source: International Telecommunications Union, Oct 2009)[citation needed].

Mobile Web access today still suffers from interoperability and usability problems. Interoperability issues stem from the platform fragmentation of mobile devices, mobile operating systems, and browsers. Usability problems are centered around the small physical size of the mobile phone form factors (limited resolution screens and user input/operating limitations).

Moving forward, the distinction between the Mobile Web and native mobile applications is anticipated to become increasingly blurred, as mobile browsers gain direct access to the hardware of mobile devices (including accelerometers and GPS chips), and the performance of browser-based applications improve (speed- and capability-wise). Persistent storage and access to sophisticated user interface graphics functions may further reduce the need for the development of platform-specific native applications.

Mobile Internet

'Mobile Internet' refers to access to the Internet from a mobile device, such as a smartphone or laptop via integrated capabilities or via an independent device (such as a USB modem or PCMCIA card).

Today USB modems are HSPA (3.5G) modems. Many users "tether" their smartphones to their laptop or personal computer with the wireless device providing access to the Internet via 3G, GPRS or CSD.

Computer Network

2010-05-06T10:23:00.000-07:00

A computer network, often simply referred to as a network, is a collection of computers and devices connected by communications channels that facilitates communications among users and allows users to share resources with other users.This article provides a general overview of types and categories and also presents the basic components of a network.

Computer networks can be classified according to the hardware and software technology that is used to interconnect the individual devices in the network, such as optical fiber, Ethernet, Wireless LAN, HomePNA, Power line communication or G.hn.

Ethernet uses physical wiring to connect devices. Frequently deployed devices include hubs, switches, bridges and/or routers. Wireless LAN technology is designed to connect devices without wiring. These devices use radio waves or infrared signals as a transmission medium. ITU-T G.hn technology uses existing home wiring (coaxial cable, phone lines and power lines) to create a high-speed (up to 1 Gigabit/s) local area network.

Networks may be classified according to a wide variety of characteristics.

Types of networks

Personal area network

Local area network

Internetwork

intranets and extranets

Virtual private network

Internet

Metropolitan area network

Enterprise Private Network

Wide area network

Campus network

Home area network

Overlay Network

Global area network

Satellite Phone

2010-05-05T13:15:00.000-07:00

A satellite telephone,or satphone is a type of mobile phone that connects to the orbiting satellites instead of terrestrial cell sites. Depending on the architecture of a particular system, coverage may include the entire Earth, or only specific regions.

The mobile equipment,is also known as a terminal that varies widely. Earlier satellite phone handsets had a size and weight comparable to that of a late 1980s or early 1990s mobile phones, but usually with a large retractable antenna. More recent satellite phones are similar in size to a regular mobile phone while some prototype satellite phones have no distinguishable difference from an ordinary smartphone Satphones are popular on expeditions into remote areas where terrestrial cellular service is unavailable.

Internet service Satellite phones have notoriously poor reception indoors, though it may be possible to get a consistent signal near a window or in the top floor of a building if the roof is sufficiently thin.

The phones have connectors for external antennas that are often installed in vehicles and buildings. Some systems also allow for the use of repeaters, much like terrestrial mobile phone systems.

Advantages of using Internet Banking Services

2010-05-05T12:35:00.000-07:00

Internet banking are obvious. Business people can access their personal and business account information while saving a trip to the bank. You can check your balance whenever you need to, even if the bank is closed.

Not only that you can pay your bills online as well, which saves both time and money on postage.

Another advantage of Internet banking is the ability to easily compare services offered by different banks.You can buy financial products and apply for loans in online, and in doing so, you can compare your options to ensure that you get the best possible services.

You can even buy insurance online through Internet banking services. Stocks and bonds and other investments can be managed with online banking from your home or office independent of a financial intermediary like a stockbroker.

Use the Internet to shop for the best banking options. Check interest rates on loans and savings accounts in online. The Internet can be a great tool in helping you secure the best possible banking services to meet your needs.

The Importance of a Toll Free Vanity Number

2010-05-04T00:26:00.000-07:00

A vanity number is an alphanumeric correspondent of a telephone number. For each letter, the corresponding number on the keypad of a phone is pressed to call the number. Vanity numbers are extremely popular selection for businesses but they are also becoming a novelty for families and personal use as well.

Having a vanity number, you can:

Increase Exposure - People remember catchy jingles that relate to a product in the same way they tend to remember phone numbers that denote something. By using and promoting a toll free vanity number, customers and potential customers can easily remember how to contact when they are concerned in the products or are in need of services.

Increase Credibility – A toll-free vanity phone number is an excellent way to build the business look bigger and more reliable than if you only used a local phone number in the marketing. Customers and clients will view the business as capable and reliable because you are already offering them an open line of free communication.

Increase Sales – When you have a product or service you want to sell and you are using a toll free vanity number to receive phone orders, you are increasing the likelihood that people will certainly call. A phone call that costs customers nothing is a great way to be a focus for business.

Increase Notoriety - With the right number, Company may gain additional word of mouth exposure as more and more people discuss the unique marketing tactics. There are many ways toll free phone number can work to the marketing advantage.

Using a toll free vanity number can improve many aspects of the business. Not only is a vanity number easier for the average person to remember without having to have it on pen and paper, a vanity number creates it easier when it comes to advertising the business in print. Using a toll free vanity on the business cards, website, and company stationary makes it easy to keep the materials uniform and professional looking.

By providing a toll free vanity number for customers and clients, you have already place the stage with the first act of top-notch customer service. You are giving the callers free and unlimited access to the company. They will feel confident they can call toll free line at any time with queries or concerns. A vanity number helps them remember the number to call without delay.

Toll free vanity numbers are an excellent resource for any business and in today's economic times, is almost essential to keep great levels of consistent business. But it is not now businesses getting in on the benefits. Families, especially those with kids in college or extended family who live far away, are also taking advantage of the low cost option for telephone communication.

How does Internet faxing work

2010-05-03T04:20:00.000-07:00

First, Documents are converted to digital files and vice versa by passing through gateways and servers. This is so that they can be viewed together in the Internet-connected computer and out of fax machine.

The conventional approach of sending faxes is by connecting to the receiving end via the telephone line. To send a fax, first have to dial the fax number and wait for the fax tone before to send the document. If the transmission fails, you have to do another time the same procedure over again. Receiving a fax is quite alike. To allow an incoming fax, you have to allow the transmission before the fax is sent to you.

Sending Faxes

Faxing online broadcasts documents with the help of Internet. Sending faxes is now related to how we send emails. In fact, we can use email to send and receive faxes. However, this does not denote that we will not be able to transmit faxes to and from traditional fax machines. When we send a fax, it goes through a server which converts the digital file to a printable document out of a fax machine. In the same way, whenever we receive a fax from a traditional line, it will first surpass through a gateway to be converted to a digital file format. Faxes are generally converted to PDF and TIFF formats. However, most service providers are able to support other document types, such as JPG, GIF or even media files like WAV or MP3. It is significant that the file types that you work around with are compatible with the server.

Receiving Faxes

Upon signing up for a web fax service, we will be known a virtual fax number. This is usually a local or a toll free number, and it serves as caller ID and appears with all the faxes that we mail. We will also take delivery of faxes through this number.

Overview of voicemail

2010-04-27T22:23:00.000-07:00

Voicemail (or voice mail, voice-mail, vmail or VMS, sometimes called messagebank) is a centralized system of managing telephone messages for a huge group of people. The term is also used more broadly, to indicate any system of conveying voice message, including the answering machine.

Never Miss A Call

Voicemail will allow multiple messages at the same time, eliminating busy signals.

Able to forward home or business line to new voicemail service, eliminating endless ringing and missed messages.

Having the option of being notified on a pager, cell phone, or land line immediately upon receiving a new message.

In Control

Able to record our own personal greeting, giving the complete control over the manner in which line is answered.

Capable to set own private passcode, keeping the messages secure and private.

Able to change the greeting or passcode as often as you like.

Can pick up messages from any touchtone telephone. Anytime. Anywhere.

Fast-forward, reverse or skip ahead while listening to messages.

Replay, save, or cancel when you are finished listening to messages.

Date/time stamp is offered for each message.

With call forwarding, you choose when calls go to voicemail.

Additional mailboxes can be added as for business expands or changes.

Voicemail Is Completely Secure

Personally selected passcode promises that no one else will have access to voicemail box without authorization.

Able to change the passcode at any time from any touchtone telephone.

Voice Mail Depot manages all aspects of the voicemail service from a protected facility.

Setup Is Easy

No charge for installation or setup fees.

No deposit or credit check is needed.

No need to buy any expensive phone equipment.

New voicemail number will be activated within minutes of the completed order.

Advantages of Fax Software

2010-04-24T02:49:00.000-07:00

Fax software offers a huge advantage for communication today. This software permits communicating via fax with virtually everybody in the world without the need for a fax and additional costs associated with it.

Unlike previous years, the fax software, introduction and rapid expansion is likely to find solutions for major businesses and normal people who just want to fax personal communication. For businesses, is long, because communication is much more efficient (no obligation to resubmit the document over and over until they can be read).

Main advantages over traditional fax software:

Reliability.

Pointed documents seen about everywhere.

Cost and maintenance.

Grouping with email and voicemail.

This is a friendly alter in the company.

Capability to keep on out of the logs that come and incoming faxes.

Ability to send faxes around the world using this software.

Call Forwarding

2010-04-22T21:24:00.000-07:00

The following is an overview of different types of call forwarding:

Variable Call Forwarding:

Allows calls to be forwarded mechanically without the phone line ringing.

You control when and when not to forward the incoming calls to voicemail.

Forwarding is manually activated and deactivated from the phone.

Delay Call Forwarding:

Gives the choice to answer the phone before the call gets transferred to voicemail.

Allows placing a specific number of times that the phone will ring before the call is transferred to voicemail.

Busy Call Forwarding:

Prevents the callers from receiving a busy signal while the telephone line is in use by transferring the call to voicemail.

Remote Call Forwarding:

Most commonly used when someone terminates their local telephone service and needs to prevent their callers from receiving a disconnect message.

Calls are immediately forwarded from the old telephone number into the voicemail without the line ringing.

Callers are uninformed of the call forwarding.

Voice mail

2010-04-22T02:32:00.000-07:00

Some of the significant features of voice mail systems are:

It stores all incoming messages and sends them to the particular mailboxes.

Voice Mail instruments are intended to enable you answer multiple phone calls at one time.

It sends messages to more than one user and directly to the corresponding mailboxes.

It is also likely to forward receive messages to someone else's voice mailbox.

Voice mails permit you to store messages indefinitely until you are free to handle them.

Sometimes, you can still personalize the forwarded message with a voice introduction.

You can relocate callers to another phone number for personal assistance - if there is a need for that.

The voice mail box even pages or makes calls to other telephone numbers to aware the user that a message is waiting in the mailbox.

A key benefit of utilizing a voicemail service is it guarantees that customers and important callers never receive a busy signal.

Faxing over e-mail

2010-04-21T03:46:00.000-07:00

Most people who work in office settings have at least a basic knowledge with fax machines. The idea is simple -- the fax machine scans a document, encodes the information and transmits it across the phone line. The fax machine on the other conclusion of the line decodes the signal and prints a facsimile of the document.

Services that allow people to send faxes via e-mail work on the same rule, but a computer and the Internet take the place of a fax machine. These services assign fax numbers to their customers, and they supply a way to send documents without a fax machine.

To send a fax over e-mail:

The sender attaches a file -- like a Microsoft Word file or a scan of a paper document -- to an e-mail message through an e-mail plan or a Web interface.

The sender addresses the message to the receiver's fax number. Depending on the service, the sender may also insert the name of the faxing service (for example: 18005551234@emailfaxes.com).

The service translates the attachment so that a fax machine can study it.

The service sends the information across the phone line.

The receiver's fax machine decodes the data and prints the fax.

To receive a document from a traditional fax machine:

The sender dials the receiver's fax number.

The fax machine translates and transmits the information.

The service receives the data, translates it into an image file and sends it to the receiver's e-mail address.

The recipient opens the email message with the attachment and views the file.

E-mail fax services are often less expensive and more flexible than purchasing a conventional fax machine and telephone service for it.

Advantages of using Internet Fax

2010-04-19T04:09:00.000-07:00

Internet faxing is green, particularly when compared to traditional faxing. Standard fax machines will print every single fax that is sent to it which means that all spam and unwanted faxes are printed regardless. When you believe how many spam and unwanted faxes each fax machine receives in each business each day of the week the amount of paper, ink and electricity it is wasted each day is absolutely staggering. Any company or individual that is concerned about the environment should change to Internet fax to provide a greener and safer alternative to traditional faxing.

Internet faxing often includes three pages of fax each month, depending on which plan you select for. Anyone who likes to get free days each month can gain from this.

Internet fax can also grant highly detailed and comprehensive logs all faxes sent and received. Anyone who wants this information to hand and updated regularly should choose to this kind of feature with their Internet fax service.

Many Internet fax providers will also allow you to take over your previous fax number. So there is no need to alter business headed paper, e-mails, brochures, leaflets, business cards and other business associated material ever again. Check if the Internet fax provider that you are interesting carries this attribute check with them and they will be happy to let you know if you can keep and carry over your old fax number.

With Internet fax your fax number will never, still be busy again. Anyone who needs to send a fax to you or anyone sending a fax from your Internet fax account will not have to wait a fax to be sent or received, something which is one of the primary dissatisfaction factors in many offices today.

Overview Of 800 numbers

2010-04-17T01:59:00.000-07:00

Usually, 800 numbers are toll free numbers. The reason why the term 800 numbers is generally used is because 800 was the first telephone number prefix used for toll free numbers. These are special telephone numbers in which the number being called is stimulating instead of the caller. These are generally used by businesses and companies to provide assistance and free access to present and would-be customers.

Although 800 is the most popular prefix for a toll free number, there are also other prefixes that are being used at present, which are 888, 866 and 877. There are no differences among these numbers in conditions of features. However, an 800 number is considered to be better than the others. Toll free numbers with the prefix 800 are seen to be more effective and powerful when used in advertising and promotion, making them more expensive too.

An 800 number may be a stand-alone telephone line that has several extensions in a single location such as an office. This is the conventional set-up that has been known for years. Now, there are toll free services that already include phone lines exterior of your office, such as your home phone or your mobile phone. Moreover, most toll free service providers now offer 800 numbers as component of a communications system composed of other devices such as cell phones, Internet-connected computers and other external phone lines.